Globalization and effect on companies

Globalization, improvement in communication and technological development have totally metamorphised the international trade and business in new millennium. (Albrow, 1997).Competition in all aspects of business hotted up and need to spruce up all operations became the imminent need. The competition this time is not like during the earlier periods where wings of protectionism by local governments, geographical barriers like distance between countries, competition only from domestic peers saved the companies.(Robinson,1996 ). But protectionism has now become a thing of the past, as economies are opened up, geographical barrier removed by improvements in transportation and communication facilities and competition from domestic peers replaced by competition from international giants. (Robinson,1996 ). The advent of internet and e-commerce further hotted up the competition. It is a no-holds barred competition, where everything is considered fair in love and war. This time around there is no escape for competitions, but only two outlets –“fight or perish”. (Robinson, 1996).

The industry’s response to the competition is equally challenging.They did not sit idle waiting for the competition to soften as in earlier times. They realized that this time the competition is totally different this time, fierce and cut throat. The Globalization and global competition is here to stay. (Albrow,1997).

The companies and entities reviewed various aspects of their businesses and came up with new strategies in various areas which were unheard of before. There were structural adjustments, product quality improvement strategies, supply chain improvement strategies, backward integrations, forward integrations, collaborations, mergers and acquisitions. Marketing strategies became innovative and ad-campaigns became mind-boggling for sheer variety. There were diversifications and expansions. Product specializations became obsolete and diversification became the new keyword. (Robinson, 1996).

Whatever be the response of the companies to the new challenges of modern competition, there is one thing that needs utmost attention to be paid. There may be strategies to implement, there may be methods of implementation of the same, but implementers are the most important of the overall strategy. The company may be like an overhauled machine with new strategies, but unless there is a skilled and committed driver, there is no use of the machine. In a similar way, the company needs competent and committed drivers to drive the company in the desired path. (Robinson,1996).

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Rousseau’s views on freedom

Rousseau’s views on freedom       

                                       

According to Rousseau, people combine together to form a social contract under which everyone foregoes, same amount of freedom and has same responsibilities. Foregoing some freedom for protection of the society is not subjugation to slavery. Rousseau avers that administration should be divided into two parts consisting of sovereign who represents the whole of the general will and the government, which represents the authority to deal with particular matters like Law. While the sovereign has the legislative authority, the government will be the executive.

Rousseau says that the strength of the government is derived from the people and is absolute. The monarchy has the greatest power while the democracy has the least power. Since bifurcation of administration into sovereignity and government is advocated, he says that the power of the government depends on the size of the bureaucracy. He therefore advocates aristocracy or monarchy type of administration to take care of this relationship between the bureaucracy and the government (Wraight, 2008).

But it must be understood that Rousseau used these words (Wraight, 2008), aristocracy, democracy and monarchy in connotations different from traditional one. By monarchy and aristocracy, he means forms of democratic governments like the presidential governments or cabinet ruled governments of the present day. By democracy, he meant direct democracy where people select the head of the government directly and not the representative form of government.

Rousseau prefers different types of governments for different types of states. He feels that small city states offer the best atmosphere for individual freedom to flourish. For states larger than city states, he advocates an elected aristocracy and for very large states a benevolent monarch, all of them however being subservient to Law(Wraight, 2008).

Comparison of thoughts of Hobbes and Rousseau
Hobbes was a staunch advocate of monarch in its native form in the sense that King can almost be considered divine (Hobbes, 1651). That is why he extols the merits of monarchy over aristocracy and democracy. Rousseau on the other hand has no propensity towards any type of system but advocated different types of administration for different sizes of the states. His upholding of the superiority of law over the head of any type of government clearly shows he is a true democrat (Wraight, 2008).

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Hobbes Views on Freedom

Hobbes discusses mainly the freedom of man vis-à-vis sovereignity. According to him, people collectively constitute a commonwealth to provide for defense of and peace to the people. The commonwealth vests the power of ensuring such defense or peace to a person or a group of persons, called as Sovereign (Hobbes, 1651). The sovereign has the power to do anything he deems fit to ensure defense of or order in the commonwealth. The sovereign is so powerful that all rights of an individual stand transferred to him except the right of self preservation.

Hobbes says that commonwealth can be formed by force as well as by agreement among the people. In the first case, the sovereign established the commonwealth by force. If the people do not oppose the acquisition and overpower the sovereign it means that they consented for it (Hobbes, 1651). In the second case, formation of commonwealth by agreement is an effort by man to get him out of the shackles of nature. Thus the element of consent is present in both types of commonwealth and forms the basis for the social contract. Both forms of sovereignity have the same function in protecting their subjects and ensuring peace and also same rights in relation to their subjects.

Hobbes lays down the rights of the sovereign (Hobbes, 1651). The subjects are bound to be loyal to him and can never be freed from that obligation. The sovereign lays down all legislative rules. The sovereign is entrusted with judicial powers in all controversies. The sovereign has the power to reward or punish his subjects. The sovereign may choose his own counselors. He has the power to make all civil and military appointments. The sovereign is the final authority on philosophical or scientific pronouncements and can censor such doctrines which he thinks are inimical to public peace. The sovereign is the ultimate authority on making war or peace with other commonwealths. The sovereign cannot be put to death but at the same time should not be unjust or injure any innocent subject. Overall, the sovereign is the foundation of all true knowledge and embodiment of power in ensuring civil peace.

 According to Hobbes (1651), there are three kinds of sovereignity—monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. All other types of sovereignities can be fitted with one of these three categories. Hobbes puts his bet on monarchy as the best of these sovereignities. He ascribes several reasons for his judgement. In monarchy, sovereign will be better advised by his counsels, but their selection lies in his hands and he can always take their advice in private .This is not possible in case of other sovereignities. The policies of a monarch will be more consistent because they emanate from one mind. Also the possibility of a civil war in monarchy is remote.

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Shays’s Rebellion

                                                  Shays’s Rebellion

Shays’s Rebellion was an armed revolt that took place in Western Massachusetts from August 29, 1786 to February 3, 1787. The rebellion was called so after the name of its leader Daniel Shays.

 Shays rebellion(Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985)  had its origins in the deteriorating economic conditions in America in the post revolution period. The position in Massachusetts was much worse. The farmers were badly hit due to failure of crops. Even for the produce brought to markets, there were no fair prices. The farmers had to sell their lands at abnormally low prices to survive. They were deep in debts and had no resources to repay.

 The State met the Civil war expenses by borrowing money from wealthy people against Issue of notes. These notes came for payment in 1786. The State had no resources to repay .So they imposed additional taxes on the people, which affected the small farmers very sadly (Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985). The other states responded to this type of situation by postponing debt and mortgage repayment. But the governments in Massachusetts initiated no such relief measures. When the farmers failed to repay the loans, the borrower filed cases in courts. The courts issued warrants for their arrests and many of them were jailed.
 The disgruntled farmers revolted. The farmers gathered arms and seized control of the court houses so that judgements from courts ordering imprisonment of farmer for failure to repay the debts or failure to repay government taxes can be stopped. The judicial process came to a stand still. The revolt was led by Daniel Shays, an ex-army man and so was called Shays’s rebellion (Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985).
 The situation was aggravated by the action of Governor Bowdoin, who instead of helping the debt ridden farmers through debt relief measures, ordered that the State debts should be paid and defaulters of taxes should be punished with foreclosure of their farms and jail. The rebels even tried to attack Springfield armoury and take away weapons from there (Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985).

The revolt of the farmers sent tremors through the governments. Several misrepresentations of the intentions of the rebels were made. Some people pictured the rebellion as the fight of the landless to snatch lands from the landowners and distribute them equally (Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985). Some people misrepresented as an instigation by the erstwhile British settlers, who wanted to the newly born America to be unsettled. But nobody gave the right picture to the Government at the centre. Even George Washington could be misled on the real reasons for the rebellion.

The main argument of the given passage is that the National leaders were very much perturbed by the Shays’s rebellion. They looked at it as an effort to level the inequalities in the new nation. They were appalled by the inability of the State Government to deal with the situation. Their fears led to the idea of the need for strong Central Government and subsequent developments led to the writing of the United States Constitution(Foner, 2006; Richards, 2002, Zinn, 1985).

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Millennium Goals of United Nations

  (1)            Regarding the status of work towards achieving Millennium goals, UN secretary General cautioned that “the financial, food and climate crises have set back efforts towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDG s) and threaten future process”.
               I agree with this statement because the recent recession led to virtual chaos in financial markets which upset plans on all fronts. Food and climatic crises are no exception to this. While there is considerable progress made by countries like China and India, the African regions are lagging behind .Unless these goals are achieved on an even keel in all regions one cannot say that there is an equitable growth and the goals have reached.

(2) The UN’s work towards achieving sustainability is not progressing according to expectation. Climate change remains a major threat to sustainability. It is quite likely that several island countries, land locked countries and least developed countries would miss their targets. Criticizing this progress , the UN secretary General  Ban Ki-moon in his millennium development goals report was quite forthright in his comment that the improvements in the lives of the poor have been unacceptably slow and some hard-won gains are being twittered away by the climate ,food and economic crises.

(3) In my opinion, climate change and the issue of including women are the most pressing sustainability issues facing the world. It is quite clear that environment attracting a lot of focus and attention by United Nations organization as well as individual countries has long been neglected and has become the source of unpredictable climatic changes in the world. Goals usually are fixed taking into account the positive side of action while discounting the hurdles that one may face on his way to the goal. Goal –setting thus becomes one-sided and when we come across some hurdles, we will be thrown off our path and the time taken to reach our goal will be affected and goal-reaching takes a longer time than planned. Recent recession, natural disasters, global warming, conflicts in some areas between countries are some of the examples of such hurdles. One can verify from the Millennium Development Goal document and find that none of these are mentioned while setting the goals. The goal-setting thus is unrealistic and quite unlikely to be attained in time.

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Value Chain Management General Motors

According to Porter’s Generic value chain, the firm’s activities can be classified into two types (1.)Primary activities and (2.)Support activities (“ES&OR483  Strategy and Marketing Primer (version 3.0),2010).
Primary activities comprise of (a.)Inbound logistics dealing with raw materials supply,(b.)Operations, (c.)Outbound Logistics, (d.) Marketing & Sales, (e.) Service.
             These activities are to be supported by support activities comprising of (1.)Infrastructure of the firm,(2.)Human Resource Management,(3.)Technology Development and (4.)Procurement of Inputs.
              The company made many efforts to integrate their information technology. Not much is available about other links in the value chain, particularly primary activities(Laudon.K.C.& Laudon.J.P.,2010).
                It  may be noted that value chain management is mainly for entities which want to pursue a core competitive advantage.The value chain is useful for increasing the margin of profit.The value chain management aims at setting right  the chinks in the value chain links saving costs, thereby giving cost advantage to the firm(“ES&OR483  Strategy and Marketing Primer (version 3.0),2010)..
            But unfortunately GM’s problems are totally different.Its market share suffered a huge dent over the years.Its technology is outdated(Laudon.K.C.& Laudon.J.P.,2010).It has a huge non-contributive retired work force to whom they pay huge amounts and huge operational losses. The company has to take up rebuilding in almost all activities before on can speak of value chain management in relation to the company(Laudon.K.C.& Laudon.J.P.,2010).
          The fact is that General Motors with all the problems is perhaps nearing the end of its existence.It is almost impossible to resuscitate the company unless it is restructured with a massive government aid.

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Steps for Recovery from Virus Infection

The elements of a disaster recovery plan that are required for recovery from a virus infection are:

• There should be security awareness program to reduce the vulnerabilities in security through educating personnel and also through promotion of good security practices.this awareness of security should be an ongoing process,
• There should be effective heads up computing attitude which has backing up of data as its major function.
• Full system restores and drive imaging and good archiving are some methods of backing up data. There should be two sets of backups for critical data –one live set and another set at an offsite location which is secure like safety-deposit box. It should be made sure that backups are rotated on a regular basis to protect from theft, fire or site-specific disasters.
• The Wizard in Windows XP is to be considered if critical data is taken as back up.
• There should be commitment from the management to the disaster recovery planning.
• There be ranking of business processes and there should be classification of data as highly confidential, confidential, internal and public.
• Minimum resources which are required should be identified.
• The user plan as well as the data center plan should be prepared.
• The prepared plan should be tested.

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 Relation between Energy Intake, Dietary Intake and Energy Density

It is observed that consumption of diet having low energy density by adults reflects consumption of higher amount of food (on the basis of weight). But at the same time, the above category of adults has lesser energy intake as compared to people who consume diet with higher value of energy density . Energy density relating to a range of patterns of diets which include higher amounts of fats can be reduced with the addition of vegetables and fruit. Research reports give support to hypothesis that relation does exist between consumption of diet with obesity and energy density apart from providing evidence to the importance of vegetable and fruit consumption for the management of weight .

Using Energy Intake, Dietary Intake and Energy Density as predictor of obesity

For losing weight effectively, one needs to take either foods with lesser kilojoules than the person is currently consuming or the person needs to exercise well to burn the extra amount of kilojoules. The perfect combination for manageable fat and long-term fat loss is the balance for good nutrition along with active lifestyle. The importance of exercise to equation for calculating fat loss is not considered in most of the cases. Exercise helps in increasing the metabolic rate of the body in order to accelerate the energy amount that is burnt up during the exercise process. The resistance training specifically helps in increasing the RMR or the resting metabolic rate of a person. This is because of the increase in the ratio of lean muscle (mass) to that of fat mass.

The cardio is highly helpful in burning the fats stored in the body. This matches with program related to weights that can increase the metabolism or lean tissue. This combination is required for fat loss which can be long lasting. Fat burns more during sleep. Investigations from laboratory give an indication that food consumption having low values of energy density in kcal/g reduces the value of energy intake.

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Calculation of Energy Intake, Dietary Intake and Energy Density

D1. Calculation of Energy Intake

For calculating energy intake, the following steps have to be followed.

1.)    The person has to find out his BMR or basal metabolic rate in accordance with weight and age.

2.)    In the second step , the BMR has to be multiplied in accordance with the activity level(The tables of BMR, Exercise activity/minute and Activity level have to be taken into consideration). The equation goes as  BMR *[Activity level]= -----------

3.)    The fat loss (recommended)  can be multiplied by 20%  to give the requisite amount of the maintenance eating.    Level of fat loss (recommended) * 20% = maintenance intake (recommended) ---------------.

4.)    One of the exercise activities is to be selected that is in /min rates and multiply it by the number of minutes spent in training.

5.)    To finally reach the energy intake in calories, divide the value in step 4 by 4.18

D2. Calculation of Dietary Intake

      The dietary intake calculator can be used for working out a person’s recommended intake on day-to-day basis.

1.)    The daily activity level of a person should be found out that is not having any activity (bedridden) or whether he/she is pursuing

§         Sedentary activities like reading

§         Light activity like occasional walking

§         Moderate activity like standing work or walking

§         Heavy activity like those of farmers or athletes with high-performance.

§         Very heavy activity like strenuous activity or sports-related activity in addition to sedentary/moderate/light activities as mentioned above.

The intakes on daily basis can be taken from Reference Values of Nutrients for New Zealand and Australia.

In the dietary calculator, the values that have to be applied are to be selected with respect to the age group. The energy variance that is the percent of values of Daily Intake utilized in the calculator are based on the average diet of an adult. Different people require different quantum of the energy of food at different stages of their lives due to varying activity levels. An example for this is that of an active teenager who requires greater energy from food as compared to a aged person who is sedentary. Additionally a dietary advice from an Accredited and professional practicing dietician can be found on the website of Australian Dietitians Association.

 

D3. Calculation of Energy Density

            For calculating energy density from the Panel of Nutrition Facts from food label, the calories have to be divided by weight.

Energy Density= (Calories per weight)/ (serving per weight)

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Energy Intake, Dietary Intake & Energy Density

A. Energy Intake

Energy intake is considered to be part of diet that is mainly regulated by the hunger of a person and the energy that is consumed by him/her. It is difficult to measure a person’s energy intake. The reason for this is that though a human being consumes varied amounts of every component of their daily diet, all the components in the food consumed do not provide energy. An example for this can be cited to be that of a person eating cake. The butter or eggs that are consumed are not likely to weigh the same each time. This is applicable to each vegetable or fruit that is consumed . A fruit of a specific category or from same tree is not expected to have the same energy (calorific) value. There are differences in sizes and the sugar proportions change as the ripening of fruit progresses. Components of a specific food which are digested, absorbed and required for usage in the processes of the body are termed as nutrients. Nutrients are further divided into categories-macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) and micronutrients(minerals and vitamins) and water. While macronutrients, provide the requisite energy, micronutrients are the food groups that are required for the functioning of the body and are not the sources of energy in the body .

B. Dietary Intake

            Dietary intake includes all beverages and foods consumed orally. It is also defined as the average of the daily intake of a food or nutrient in the long-run . The dietary intake (recommended) relates to a particular quantity of specific type of nutrients which are required in single day for good health. Items which are not taken to be in the foods category like condiments and dietary supplements and those that contain nutrients or energy are included as part of energy intake. But this does not happen always. This is because the above items are not included in the dietary assessment intake . It is due to problems with information missing about their composition, quantification or identification.

C. Energy Density

            The amount of the energy stored in a specific region/system of the space /unit volume is termed as ‘Energy Density’ . In most of the cases energy that is useful/ extractable will be quantified while energy that is inaccessible chemically like the mass energy at rest will be ignored. Quantifiable energy is the energy that is quantified with respect to magnitude in terms of related units. The foods having lesser energy density do provide lesser calories/gram compared to foods having higher value of energy density. A person can consume greater portion of food for the same calories that is having lesser energy density as compared to foods having higher value of energy density.

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