Epithelial Tissue & functions, types of epithelia in digestive tract

Epithelial Tissue
Epithelium is an animal tissue and is one of the four basic types of tissues in animal. These tissues cover the structures in the whole body and line cavities. They also form different types of glands. Selective absorption, secretion , transport across cells, protection and detecting sensation are its functions. A special category of this epithelial tissue is epidermis. The epithelial tissue is located above the connective tissue. These two tissues are divided by basement membrane. Epithelial tissue consists of cells which are linked by desmosomes and tight junctions. This tissue has cells that are clustered tightly.  This tissue is avascular which implies that it should get nourishment through the diffusion of the substances from the connective tissue that is underlying via basement membrane.


Types of Epithelia in Digestive tract
Epithelium lines up the digestive tube. The epithelium is continuous at skin located at mouth as well as anus. The nature of epithelium changes with body parts. In some parts it works as protective layer and in some other parts it performs the role of absorption. Mucus secretions by individual glands or cells provide protection to the epithelial membranes. The process of digestion which changes the form of food to subtler substances that can be assimilated by the body is done by glands which are located inside the tract as well as its outside.

Suitability of transitional epithelium to urinary tract and bladder
Transitional epithelium is a tissue that is stratified. In this tissue the cells will be fairly round while the organ that this tissue lines up is not stretched out. With the stretching of tissue, the cells become flat especially the ones which are on the surface. This stretching makes the organs that are lined up with this tissue(transitional epithelium) to alter shape with damaging or affecting the epithelial lining. For this reason, transitional epithelium is well-suited to line urinary tract as well as the bladder.

Exocrine and Endocrine glandular epithelium
Endocrine glands do not have duct system while in exocrine glands, ducts release the products. In endocrine glands, secretions move into vascular system and are directed into the basal side while in exocrine glands, the secretions move from the ducts to the environment outside. In these glands, the secretions will be released to the surface of the apical cell.

Exocrine glands are the only glands which are related to the term “glandular epithelium”. These glands are classified basing on morphological characteristics.

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Types of Cell Reproduction, Mitosis and Result from Uncontrolled Mitosis

There are 2 types of cell reproduction-mitosis and meiosis. These reproduction processes result in the creation of 2 different cell types. In mitosis, a cell that nearly exact in features to the original cell is created. By this process somatic cells or body cells are created. Meiosis is different from this in that sex cells or germ cells are produced. Certain single-celled organisms and some classes of bacteria make use of mitosis for reproduction of cells. Meiosis and mitosis differ in the same way as sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Not all organisms reproduce asexually. In humans and certain other organisms which sexually reproduce, meiosis takes into account the genetic contribution of the two cells combining.

Mitosis: The cell reproduction of body cells or somatic cells is termed as ‘mitosis’. In other words the process of cell division that generates new cells for growth, replacement of aged cells and repair of cells is termed as ‘mitosis’. In mitosis, a body cell will be divided into two new cells which are having identical characteristics to the original cell. There are six phases in the process of mitosis and these take place in time span of 0.5 to 1.5 hours depending on the type of tissue that is being duplicated.

Uncontrolled Mitosis: Uncontrolled mitosis otherwise known as hyperplasia occurs when body responds to stimulus or physiological change. Due to this tumors are developed or organs are enlarged. In the event of development of cancer, a person will have dysplasia that is change of cells which are immature from one form to another and this develops into cancerous cells(neoplasia).Uncontrolled mitosis relates more to the spread of the disease of cancer than being a reason for its occurrence, Due to this cancer spreads through lymph and blood.

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Basic functions of a cell

Basic functions of cell include conversion of energy, reproduction and transport of molecules.

Energy Conversion: Energy is obtained in cell through the process of oxidation. Cellular respiration results in oxidation of food materials. For the cells of living organisms like certain bacteria, animals and some protests, carbohydrates are oxidized as taken from the environment of the organism. Few other organisms like plants, algae and bacteria prepare carbohydrates by photosynthesis and oxidize them to get energy.

After other foods and carbohydrates are oxidized, the chemical energy gets locked into a chemical structure called ATP (Adinosine Triphosphate).The ATP is utilized by the cell by the process which requires energy and the chemical energy is released by the breaking of ATP. The cells will then replenish ATP through the process of oxidation of food stuff.

Reproduction of Cells: Majority of human cells are replaced are reproduced frequently and replaced during an individual’s life. The process differs with the type of cell. Body cells or somatic cells are duplicated by mitosis. Sex cells like ova and sperms are produced by meiosis.

Molecule Transport in Cells: There are two prime categories of transport of molecules in cells-active transport and passive transport. Macromolecules like polysaccharides, proteins and polynucleotides rely on active transport. There are two categories in active transport process- endocytosis and exocytosis. For smaller molecules like carbondioxide , ethanol and oxygen, molecules easily cross through the membrane through diffusion across a concentration gradient or passive transport.

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Differences between fibrous connective tissue and supporting connective tissue

Fibrous Connective Tissue or FCT is a connective tissue with high tensile strength. This tissue is made up of elastic and collagenous fibers. Tendons and ligaments are formed from those tissues. Most of these tissues do not have living cells and consist primarily of proteins, polysaccharides and water. These tissues are located close to Muller’s muscle.

Supporting Connective Tissues: Bone and cartilage are the tissues that make a strong framework that supports the body. In these tissues, here are many fibers forming the matrix and in a few cases, there are deposits of calcium salts which are insoluble. Cartilages are of three types: Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage and Fibrocartilage.

The common type of supporting connective tissue is hyaline cartilage which connects the ribs to the sternum. This cartilage supports the respiratory tract’s conducting pathways and covers the bones’ surfaces within the joints. The next category that is elastic cartilage has many elastic fibers making it flexible and very resilient. The epiglottis, the nose’s tip and pinna which is the ear’s external flap are supported by elastic cartilage. The third type that is fibrocartilage has many collagen fibers making it very durable and resistive to shocks. This tissue prevents damage from contact between bone to bone.  This tissue is located in between bones in the pelvis region and also around it. It is also located in some tendons and joints.

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Main functions of Connective Tissue

Connective tissue provides structural support to the various organs and tissues of the body. This function is important to maintain the form of organs, tissues and organs. These tissues serve nutritive role. All these metabolites which are in blood pass move from capillary beds. They then move from neighbouring connective tissue to tissues and cells.In a similar way, waste metabolites from tissues and cells move through the connective tissue which is loose through diffusion before entering back to blood capillaries.

The blood-forming tissues or tissues that are hematopoietic are a more specialized form of the connective tissue. These tissues include the bone marrow or myeloid tissue and the lymphoid tissue. The lining of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are also specialized connective tissues. Different forms of the connective tissue play different roles in body’s protection mechanism. These tissues also play role in the immune and vascular systems.

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Cells, Activities of Cells and Impairment

Cell

Cell is the functional, biological and structural unit of all living organisms. It can also be defined as a self-replicating and autonomous unit as in organisms with single cell that can exist as an independent unit. It can also exist as a sub-unit in organisms with many cells like animals and plants. In these organisms cells perform specialized functions and is structure with membrane having proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. 

Activities of Cell:Complex life processes are carried out by cell. Compounds are synthesized or produced by cell. The compounds produced are utilized by cell. The cells select the materials entering them and toxic materials are excreted from cells. Cells grow and can be repaired also. Cells can duplicate and are replaced by their own parts. Varied activities with high specialization are performed by the cells. Cells are sensitive to heat, light, pressure or sound and synthesize a variety of materials.

Cells perform aerobic respiration and some types perform anaerobic respiration. The processes of cell require energy and cells generate energy. This energy is generated by controlled oxidation. Some organisms like plants, algae and bacteria generate energy by photosynthesis. Cells transmit electrical impulses and also produce antibodies. Foods and carbohydrates are oxidized and the energy generated is locked into mainly chemical structures like ATP (adenosine triphosphate).When energy is needed cell uses the ATP and chemical energy is released by breaking the ATP chemical structure. Then the cell should replenish the ATP supply with the oxidation of the food materials.

Cell Impairment 

Cell Impairment can result in sickle cell anemia, brain damage, visual cycle impairment,mental impairment, immunodepression, impairment in insulin signalling and problems in developmental advances to mention a few.

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