Accounting Short Answer Questions

1. Explain the meaning of the terms "tangible" and "intangible" and discuss how these terms are used in describing assets.

Tangible assets are the economic resources of a firm, whose existence can be physically felt or perceived.
Examples: Inventory, land and buildings and plant and machinery.  
              
Intangible assets are non physical economic resources and rights, which carry a value with them and confer some advantage on the firm in the market place.

Examples: Goodwill, copyrights, patents and trademarks.

            In accounting, it is only the tangible assets that are found in the balance sheet. Intangible assets do not find a place in the balance sheet of the firm. But while calculating the value of the firm in the market, the intangible assts are also taken into account.

2. Discuss the advantages of establishing a line of credit

            A line of credit is a commitment from the bank to lend the firm up to a certain amount to meet various financial needs. It provides an opportunity for the firm to establish access to credit even before the exact expenditure decisions are finalized. It is more flexible than a loan, which makes finance available for a specific purpose. It can be used for different purposes. It need not be drawn at a time like a loan, but can be used as and when the need arises. The line of credit is thus the most flexible and comfortable financing arrangement for a firm to take care of its present and future needs as well as contingencies.

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Math Assignment Help-Applying Strategy to Solving Equations

Strategy
An action plan designed to achieve a specific goal can be termed as strategy. This  indicates how different engagements in doing a task  are to be linked.
 There are 4 parts of strategy.
 (1.) Information
(2.) Focus
(3.) Action
(4.) Position
Each part leads to the other. The map of the situation is filled by information. Focus helps in studying the map to discover the best opportunity to change the position filtering the unnecessary activities. The next step in this is driving to destination and the right path has to be chosen. Once action is started we progress ahead and keep changing our position to achieve the final result.

Let us take a word problem in math:
“4 less than one-third of a number is equal to 7 less than two-fifths of that number. Find the number”.
Step1( Identifying the information)
We identify the information in the given math problem. Since the number is unknown, we can take it as ‘N’.
Step2(Focus)
Now the focus of the problem is on finding the value of ‘N’.For this an algebraic equation for the same is framed.

Steps3 &4:(Action & Positioning)
The following steps are adopted towards getting end result.
Inverse operations are generally used to transfer terms from one side to the other. But what is important is to identify which terms are to be applied these operations. This is where positioning comes into picture. In the problem, it is better to transfer like terms to one side that is terms with N to either left side or right side of the equation and constants to the other side of the equation. This helps in simplifying the like terms. Once this is decided, the following steps of action are done.
Subtracting  N/3 from either side :

This cancels N/3 on left side of the equation.

     Grouping like terms :

 Making the denominator common for fractions:

   Combining like fractions:

Combining the terms with N:

  Transferring 7 to the left side of the equation by addition:

 Simplifying: 
3 = (N/15)

 Transferring 15 to the left side of the equation by multiplication:
3 *15 = (N/15) *15
 Simplifying
 45 = N
N =45
Thus the number is found using the four parts of strategy.

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Assignment Help-Corporate Accountancy Short Answer questions

1. Why is the IRS concerned with the corporate debt to equity ratio?

Investments in companies can be by two ways (1.) By equity and (2.) By debt. Equity earns dividend if the company earns profits and debt earns interest irrespective of profit earning by the company.

Dividend by companies is doubly taxed once at corporate tax point and the other at the investor as dividend income tax. Debt on the other hand is taxed only once at the interest receiver.

In view of this difference in taxation, there may be attempt by some companies and investors to show their investment in debt rather than in equity. Such companies will be thinly capitalised and debt-equity ratio would be high. IRS would then rechristen some debt as disguised equity.

IRS is thus concerned about debt-equity ratio because disguised capital may appear as debt.

2. Relative to corporate formation, how one can contribute appreciated property without gain recognition to the Transferor?

Relative to corporate formation, the corporate can contribute appreciated property without gain to the transferor by issuing company’s stock to the transferor so that he can have control in the affairs of the company. Nothing else should be given by the company to the transferor.

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Analyzing the fit between Systems Approach and Nursing

1.Introduction

Systems approach of health care delivery constitutes a patient centred health care-system. For the purpose, a four level health care system has been devised. Under this system, the health care has been divided into four levels (1.)The individual patient,(2.)The care team which includes professional care providers like clinicians and pharmacists,(3.)the organization like the hospital, clinic or nursing home which provides support to the development and work of care teams by providing infrastructure and other resources,(4.)The political and economic environment applying to all the above discussions (Brandt& Gardner , 2000).

2. Analysis

At present, the health care delivery system comprises of hospitals where individual departments operate almost autonomously. Clinics, laboratories, pharmacies and all other organizations forming part of the health care delivery system act as separate units. All these together. All these together are called as health care system even though it is not intended to be a system and never functioned as a system, in the true definition by ‘systems approach’ (Brandt& Gardner ,2000).

The shift from the present situation to systems approach requires that every participating division recognizes its influence on all other divisions. Each division will try to achieve highest performance in individual functioning and at the same time contribute to optimizing the performance of a system as a whole (White, 1991).  Moreover an outlook should be developed among the care team members like clinicians in different specialities, pharmacists, nurses, social workers, psychologists that this main motto is the optimum functioning of the system and cooperative functioning by interdependence among them is the key to such optimization (Ollila, 2005).

The Health care system involves many interacting elements. So special tools are required to perform a systems analysis (Brandt& Gardner ,2000). So a model of the health care delivery process must incorporate narrations of processes detailing the variety of activities from nurses administering medicines to examination by doctor, laboratory tests, the filling of prescription by a pharmacist and follow-up visits by the nurse. The model must very clearly lay down the functions of every unit and constituent members. Since the overall performance of the system depends not merely on the performance of clinical side, perfect coordination between administrative wing and clinical wing should be ensured (Ollila, 2005).

3. Summary

True, there will be resistance to systems approach introduction from various quarters, because it results in loss of autonomy, and identity, but the need for betterment of health. Care delivery system warrants the same. Introduction of systems approach requires basically attitudinal changes and not much capital investment. Therefore it should not be difficult to implement it in hospitals where there is a resource crunch(Brandt& Gardner ,2000).

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Administrative Distance in Business

One of the four important dimensions of ‘distance’ viewed from business sense happens to be the administrative and political distance existing in the two countries. If any two countries have historical and political associations, such associations would help in decreasing differences in administrative environments of the two countries. To cite examples, it is easy for Britain to establish trade ties with its former colonies in Asia, for France with West Africa and for Spain with Latin America because of the colony- colonizer relations between those countries. Such historic ties lead to preferential trading arrangements between those countries resulting in less regimented business climate. In modern times, concepts like common currency emerged to be the instruments for reducing the differences in administrative environments between the countries. The establishment of European Union (EU) and the launching of Euro as common currency for European countries is an example in this regard, which vindicate the impact of such measures on decreasing the differences in administrative environments between countries and increasing the trade.

Administrative distance between countries is also influenced greatly by the policies of the governments of the host country as well as native country of an organization. In a few cases, administrative distance arises due to restrictions in the native country itself. An example is United States of America, which prohibits bribery from its organisations either inside or outside USA and various other regulations relating to health, environment and safety. These restrictions deter US companies from indulging in any action aimed at decreasing the difference in administrative environments like bribing officials or politicians, which is the norm while doing business in some countries.

Administrative distance arises mainly due to actions of the target country’s government. Restriction on foreign direct investment, trade quotas, taxes, preferences and incentives to domestic companies by way of subsidies and liberal treatment in regulation are some of the ways in which the target countries create trade barriers. There measures are usually intended to protect domestic industries in particular.

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Dimensions of DISTANCE from business angle

Increasing globalization has created a business atmosphere in which multitude of companies, particularly from developed countries are exhibiting a tendency to become global companies by expanding their operations throughout the globe through acquisitions, mergers and joint ventures. These companies are inspired by technological developments in communication, particularly the internet to believe that ‘distance’ between the countries which hitherto was a big barrier to global trade had a natural death with the revolutions in information technology and things are now a lot easier for international expansions. But a deep study of the ‘distance’ conveys different connotations of mere geographical distance which to some extent, is reduced by technological developments. Particularly when it comes to business considerations, the other dimensions of the concept of ‘distance’ assume greater significance. ‘Distance’, in business consideration, can be considered mean ‘separateness’ or ‘diversity’. Whenever an organization proposes to expand its operations to a new country, it takes into consideration four aspects relating to that country namely its geography, culture, economy and administrative and legal setup. ‘Distance’ applied to business means diversity in these four aspects between the native country of the organisation and the target country. Success of business in the midst of such diversity depends on adaptation to such diversity.

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